Cultivation technology of cowpea in greenhouse

Cultivation technology of cowpea in sunlight greenhouse 1. Variety selection Generally, vine varieties are selected for cultivation in sunlight greenhouse. The best performers currently are: Zhiyan 2, Shanghai 33-47, Qiufeng, Zhangtang. Cultivation technology

(1) Stubble arrangement

When stubble cultivation in autumn and winter, it is generally planted or seeded from mid-August to early September, and it is marketed from late October; in winter and spring, it is generally sown and seeded in mid-December to mid-January, and from mid-January to February. It was planted in the middle of the middle of the year, and harvesting started around early March, and has been harvested in June.

(Two) nursery

1. Seed preparation, selection and sun-seeding

For direct seeding, use 1.5-3.5 kg per acre to prepare seeds; for seedling transplanting, prepare 1.5-2.5 kg per acre. In order to improve the germination potential and germination rate of the seeds, and ensure that the germination is neat and fast, seed selection and sun-seeding should be carried out. Poor fullness, moth-eaten, damaged and moldy seeds should be eliminated, and the sun should be left on the land for 1-2 days on a sunny day.

2. Fertilization

The acres use 5000-10000 kg of high-quality farm manure, 2000-3000 kg of rotten chicken and poultry manure, 200 kg of rotten cake fertilizer, and 50 kg of ammonium bicarbonate. Apply 3/5 of the fertilizer to the ground, turn it over twice artificially, thoroughly mix the fertilizer with the soil, and then ridge or make hoe according to the row distance of the cultivation. The row spacing of cowpea cultivation is 1.2 meters on average, or it is planted at equal spacing or row size. For large and small row cultivation, the large row spacing is 1.4 meters, and the small row spacing is 1 meter. After ditching and fertilizing, watering, hoeing, and raising the ridge, the ridge height is about 15 cm. In addition, between the large rows, or every other two rows of equal spacing, a ridge for walking is provided.

3． Nursery

Sowing in advance to cultivate strong seedlings is an important measure to achieve early maturity and high yield of cowpea. Cowpea seedlings can ensure whole seedlings and seedlings, inhibit vegetative growth, and promote reproductive growth. Generally, the yield is increased by 20% to 30%.

(1) Appropriate seedling age: Roots of cowpea roots are relatively early, the regeneration ability is weak, and the seedling age should not be too long. The standard of suitable seedlings is: calendar seedling age of 20-25 days, physiological seedling age is about 20 cm height, spread is about 25 cm, stem thickness is less than 0.3 cm, true leaves are 3-4, root system is developed, No pests.

(2) Root protection measures: The key techniques for cultivating suitable seedlings include: using nutrient bowls, paper tubes, plastic tubes or nutritious earth roots to raise seedlings, with a nutritional area of ​​10 cm x 10 cm. disinfection.

(3) Seed soaking: The seeds are scalded with boiling water at about 90 ° C, and then cold water is added to keep the temperature at 25-30 ° C, soaking for 4-6 hours, and leaving the water. As the radicle of cowpea is very sensitive to temperature and humidity, it is usually only soaked without germination.

(4) Sowing: water the plantar soles before planting. When sowing, plant 3-4 seeds in a bowl and cover with 2-3 cm thick.

(5) Management after sowing: Keep sowing around 30 ° C during the day and around 25 ° C at night after sowing to promote seedling emergence. Germination occurred 7 days after sowing at normal temperature, and seedlings emerged in about 10 days. At this time, the hypocotyl of cowpea is particularly sensitive to temperature, and the high temperature will inevitably cause the plant to grow too long. Therefore, it is necessary to lower the temperature and maintain 20-25 ° C during the day and 14-16 ° C at night. About 7 days before planting, low-temperature refining began. There is a need to prevent soil drought. The cowpea calendar has a short seedling age, and cotyledons store a lot of nutrients. Generally, it is not topdressing at the seedling stage, but water management must be strengthened to prevent the seedbed from becoming too dry and wet, and the relative humidity of the soil is about 70%. Pay attention to prevention and control of diseases and insect pests. The focus is on controlling rust-root disease caused by low temperature and high humidity, as well as aphids and root pupae.

(Three) colonization

1. Planting (seeding) period

A suitable temperature index for cowpea colonization is that the 10-cm ground temperature is stable through 15 ° C, and the air temperature is stable above 12 ° C. When the temperature is low, it can be covered with plastic film or small arch shed. About 10 days before planting, the shed was grilled.

2. Colonization method

The planting of winter and spring stubble should be carried out at 10-15 o'clock on a sunny day. Generally, holes are punched at a height of 20 cm on the planting ridges, and one seedling (2 to 3 seedlings) is placed in each hole, then watered, and the soil is sealed after the water seeps down.

(IV) Management after planting

1. guiding ideology

In the flowering and pod-setting period, on the one hand, the inflorescences need to be extracted, and on the other hand, the stems and leaves must continue to grow, and the root system and nodules must be developed. If the plant is weak, it will affect the growth of the stems and leaves of the flowering branches and flowering and pod formation; if the leaves and branches are too lush, the extraction of the inflorescence will be delayed at the same time, and the amount of flowers will be reduced or the flowers will drop. Therefore, in the process of cowpea cultivation, we must always pay attention to handling the contradiction between long stems and leaves and flowering and pods, and strive to achieve balance. In the whole process of growing cowpea in the solar greenhouse, on the whole, it is controlled first and then promoted. This is because the roots of rainbow beans are deeply tolerant to drought and grow vigorously. They are more prone to nutrient growth than other legumes. Once formed as long, it will lead to late flowering and fewer pods. Therefore, in management, we must first control and then promote, prevent stems and leaves from growing too long, cultivate strong plants, and extend the fruiting period. If the lush foliage before and after budding has obviously affected flowering and pod formation, we must try to control the growth of stems and leaves from the aspects of temperature and fertilizer management. In the flowering and pod blooming period, in order to ensure the smooth flowering and pod formation, and at the same time ensure the corresponding stem and leaf growth to maintain the flowering and pod formation, it must be guaranteed from the fertilizer and water, and at the same time the plant adjustment work must be done.

2. Ventilation is carried out 3 to 5 days after temperature management and the temperature in the shack is increased to promote slow seedlings. After the seedlings are slowed down, the indoor temperature is maintained at 25-30 ° C during the day and not lower than 15-20 ° C at night. For autumn and winter crop production, after entering winter, effective measures should be taken to strengthen insulation and extend the harvest period as much as possible. For winter and spring crops, when the outside temperature in the spring passes 20 ° C stably, the shed film is removed and transferred to open field production.

3． Water management

When planting, you need to control the watering. On the basis of stable seedling watering, two consecutive waterings were carried out at the slow seedling stage in the autumn and winter stubble; two waterings were performed at different points in the winter and spring stubble, and one large water was ditched after the slow seedlings, and then transferred to the cultivating plan. , Squatting seedlings, protecting crickets, and strictly control watering. At the time of budding, you can water a little water and continue the cultivation of the tiller, without watering in the first flowering period. When the vine grows about 1 meter in length, the leaves become thick, the roots are tied down, and the internodes are short. After the * inflorescences sit on the pod, when several inflorescences appear one after the other, start to irrigate once, and apply ammonium nitrate per acre of water. 20-30 kg, 30-50 kg of superphosphate. After fertilizing and boiling water, the stems and leaves of cowpea grow extremely fast. After the leaves become darker in color, the lower fruit pods are extended, and when the inflorescences appear in the upper and middle parts, water is added. In the future, master the principle of watering the pods and not watering, and seeing wetness. After a large number of flowers, watering is started every 10-12 days.

4． Fat

On the basis of applying the bottom fertilizer, fermented cake fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer were applied to the main points of the seedlings conditionally. Mu uses 50-75 kg of cake fertilizer and 30 kg of superphosphate. After entering the harvest period, fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in combination with watering. Generally, it is flushed once with water and once with ammonium nitrate 30- 40 kg. Especially in the case of "volt rest", special attention should be paid to strengthening fertilizer and water management, promoting side branch germination, inflorescence regeneration, and plant recovery. After about 20 days, a new peak period of production will be ushered in, which can last for more than 1 month.

5． Plant adjustment

When the plant is 30-35 cm in height and 5-6 leaves, it is necessary to support it in time (can be inserted into a single hedge wall frame or a "herringbone" frame) to make it grow on the shelf. Don't cut off the stem when inducing the vine, otherwise the lower side will be overgrown, the upper branch will have less vines, poor ventilation, falling flowers and pods, affecting yield. The method of pruning cowpea is:

(1) The main vines * The side vines that emerged below the inflorescence will be cut off when they grow to 3 to 4 cm in length to ensure that the main vines grow robustly.

(2) * 1 inflorescence on the side branches in the early stages of each inflorescence, and 1 leaf topping, and 2-3 leaves on the main stem in the middle and late stages, to promote the formation of side branches * inflorescence, using the resulting branches on the side branches pod.

(3) After the peak yield period has elapsed, at 60 to 100 cm from the top of the plant, there will be side branches at the nodes that have already bloomed, and topping should be performed to preserve the side inflorescence.

(4) Each inflorescence of cowpea has a main flower bud and an auxiliary flower bud. Usually, the main flower bud develops, blooms, and pods from bottom to top. Under good nutritional conditions, the inflorescence of each inflorescence develops in turn and blooms. Pods. Therefore, the main vine creeps on a full frame (about 15 to 20 knots) to be sharpened to promote the development, flowering and pod formation of flower buds on each side.

6. Timely harvest

When the pods grow into a uniform thickness and the pod surface does not swell, but the seeds have begun to grow, it is the best time to harvest the commercial tender pods. The following points should be noted during harvesting:

(1) Don't hurt the inflorescence branches: cowpeas are racemes. Each inflorescence usually has 2-5 pairs of flower buds, but usually only produces 1 pair of pods. If the conditions are good and the nutrition level is high, 4 or 6 pods can be set. Therefore, the harvest must be careful to prevent injury to other flower buds, and not to pull down the inflorescence. Protect the inflorescences so that they will bear fruit later.

(2) Harvesting should be carried out in the evening, and the standards should be strictly controlled to make the harvested beans as neat and uniform as possible.

(3) Look carefully during harvesting to avoid omissions.

Third, pest control

The diseases of cowpea mainly include rust, gray mold, coal mold, arbus, and root rot; the pests include aphids, red spiders, and pod pods (Vigna lobata). In the early stage of development, use 15% rust-resistant wettable powder 2000-3000 times of liquid, or 40% diazonone wettable powder 4000-times of liquid spray for prevention and control, once every 20 days. It can also be controlled with 800-1000 times liquid spray of 50% rust-proof spirit emulsion, once every 7 to 10 days.

2. Arbus

Caused by virus infection. It is mainly transmitted by aphid juice. The diseased plants were removed at the beginning of the onset, and sprayed with 1000% solution of 40% dimethoate EC or 5000 times solution of dimethoate EC to eliminate aphids.

3． Gray mold

At the beginning of the onset, use 50% Nongdeling wettable powder 1000-1500 times liquid, or 50% pourin wettable powder 1000-1300 times liquid spray control, once every 7 to 10 days.

4． Coal mold

Use 400% solution of 25% carbendazim wettable powder, 800 times solution of 40% carbendazim suspension, or 600 times liquid of 50% methyltobutine wettable powder at the beginning of the disease. Spray control, every 10 days. Times.

(Two) pests

The main pest is pod viper. It can be controlled with 800-1000 times solution of 90% crystal trichlorfon, or other stomach poisons and contact pesticide sprays, spraying every 10 days or so from the discovery.

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