Armillariella mellea and A. tabescens, commonly known as hazel mushrooms. Under the fungal gates, Basidiomycotina, Lamystrophy, Agaricales, Tricholoma, Armillaria. It is a kind of edible fungus and medicinal bacterium distributed in the temperate to the plant in the tropics. It is delicious and delicious, fragrant and crisp, and the production of wild honey fungus in Northeast China's forest area is relatively large. Farmers eat it extensively. It is a symbiotic bacterium of gastrodia elata, a precious medicinal material in China, and it is the main source of nutrition for gastrodia.
Armillariella is nutritious and has medicinal value. According to reports, dried mushrooms contain 11.4% crude protein, 5.2% fat, 75.9% carbohydrates, 5.8% cellulose, ash 7.5%, heat 384 kcal. The fruiting body also contains D-Treuriol, vitamin A, etc. It is effective in treating lumbar and leg pain, rickets, and epilepsy. Regular consumption of honey fungus can prevent vision loss, night blindness, dry skin, and enhance the body's resistance to certain respiratory and digestive tract infections. According to reports from foreign countries, water-soluble glucans and polypeptide glucans isolated from the fruit body of Armillaria mellea have been tested in animals. The latter has a 70% inhibition rate on mouse sarcoma S-180, and it has been found in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. The inhibition rate is 80%. Japanese scholars also isolated an AMG-1 compound from the fruit body of Armillaria mellea, which has a protective and sedative effect on the brain. The solid fermented products of Armillaria mellea, honey ring fungus slices and silver honey slices can be used as medicine instead of gastrodia, and it is used to treat patients with dizziness caused by diseases such as hypertension, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, Meniere's disease, autonomic dysfunction and other diseases. The effect is good. For limbs, insomnia, tinnitus, stroke sequelae, etc. have a certain effect. In 1932 Reitsma conducted a detailed investigation of Armillaria mellea and conducted a series of physiological studies. Armillaria mellea is an indispensable symbiotic bacterium of Gastrodia elata, and it is necessary for the cultivation of Gastrodia.
one. Biological characteristics
1. The morphology of Armillaria species is medium and large. Mushroom cover diameter 4-14cm, light yellow to light yellowish brown, old and brown, with flat or upright small scales in the middle, some nearly smooth, the edges have obvious stripes. Fungus meat white. Bacteria pleats white or slightly fleshy pink, straight to prolonged, slightly dilute, old brown spots often appear. Mushroom handle cylindrical, slender, slightly curved, long 5-13cm, diameter 0.6-1.8cm, color with the mushroom cover, often vertical stripes and hairy small scales, fiber, the interior is soft to hollow, the base slightly enlarged. The fungus ring is milky white, and it is often found in the upper part of the stalk. Spores are white. Spores are colorless or slightly yellow, smooth, elliptical or nearly ovoid. The mycelium is colorless and transparent, with a diaphragm. The cords are dark brown and iron wire, spread under the bark. The main difference with Armillaria mellea is that A. tabescens (Figure 32) does not have a bacterial ring.
2. The ecological armillaria is a kind of facultative parasite. It was born in the needles and broad-leaved forests in the summer and autumn on the cutting pillars, the standing timber dry base, and the dead wood. It can cause root rot in living trees. Mycelium and mycelium can fluoresce at night. The intensity of light emission is related to the temperature and the contact with air. The higher the temperature, the greater the surface exposed to air and the stronger the fluorescence.
In the natural world, the life cycle of Armillaria is different due to different environmental conditions. According to Zhou Yu (1981), in some places, such as some high-altitude Tianma producing areas in the western part of Yunnan Province, and some in the south of Qilian Mountain in Qinghai Province. In some coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest areas, the common woodlands have vigorous growth of Armillariella mellea, but they are unable to form fruit bodies for a long time, showing an incomplete small cycle of mycelium → pellicle → mycelium; and in some hot climates and temperature years In places with little variation, Armillariella could not form phytozoa or the number of bacteria-producing cords was very small. It continued to pass through the hyphae division and perpetuated the generations for many years, presenting a simpler and less complete cycle of hyphae and hyphae. Only when the environmental conditions in each stage can fully meet the requirements of Armillaria, can complete the complete life history from the spores to the spores.
Armillaria bacteria spread widely throughout the world. Distribution in our country is also very extensive, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Jiangxi and other provinces (regions) have found.
3. The carbon sources and nitrogen sources that can be used by the nutrition armillaria are extremely extensive. According to reports, Armillariella can be impregnated with more than 600 kinds of needles, broad-leaved trees and sugar cane, strawberries, potatoes, quinones, etc., Armillariella can use a variety of monosaccharides, disaccharides and starch polysaccharides as a carbon source, on the growth of mycelium In terms of corn starch, the effect is best, followed by glucose and sucrose. Therefore, a plant containing a large amount of starch is a good nutrient of Armillaria mellea. For Armillaria mellea, inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, dihydrogen ammonium phosphate, and organic nitrogen such as aspartic acid amine and peptone may be used as the nitrogen source. In the solid fermentation, peanut cake powder, yeast extract, corn syrup, bran, etc., can be used as a source of nitrogen sources and growth factors, of which peanut cake powder, yeast extract better.
4. The mycelium of the temperature Armillaria mellea begins to grow above 5°C, but the optimum temperature is 18-26°C. 20-25°C is also the temperature at which mycelium and mycelium fluoresce. Below 5°C, the mycelium enters a dormant state; above 30°C, the mycelium stops growing, and above 40°C can cause the mycelium to die.
5. Humidity Like bacteria grow and develop in wet conditions. Under natural conditions, when the air humidity is above 90%, Armillariella grows well. When the air humidity is below 60%, the mycelium grows slowly and stops growing. The armillaria of honey fungus can tolerate drought to a certain degree. When the air humidity is 20% and the absolute humidity of the wood substrate is only 8%, the mycelium will not lose its vitality after two weeks. However, air and soil are dry, and the ability of Armillaria mellea to impregnate the host is weakened. Artificial culture of Armillaria mellea, the wood matrix moisture content of 45% -60%, air humidity 70% -85%, is conducive to mycelial growth and development.
6. The growth and development of Armillaria mellea, mycelia, and fruit bodies require fresh air. Reitsma (1932) pointed out that Armillaria can not survive without oxygen, but the fungus has the function of transporting oxygen. Therefore, a certain distance can be penetrated in the solid medium. This is why the fungus Armillariella can survive in soggy wood.
7. The light honey fungus Like most other edible fungi, the growth of mycelium and mycelium does not require light, and the birth of a fruiting body requires scattered light, and a non-illuminated fruit body can cause malformation or infertility.
8. The pH of the mycelial of Armillaria mellea could be grown between pH 2.5-8.5. The optimum pH was 4.5-5.5. Above 7.0, the growth was seriously impeded. The slightly acidic soil is most suitable for the growth of Armillaria mellea, heavy clay, alkaline earth and saline soil are not suitable for the growth of Armillaria mellea.
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