In autumn and winter, the temperature gradually decreased, and the overwintering pests began to turn into greenhouse damage. At the same time, the humid environment of greenhouses is also conducive to the occurrence, spread and aggravation of many diseases. Grasping the favorable opportunity for relatively lighter greenhouse vegetable pests and diseases, early detection and identification, and adopting comprehensive measures to reduce the base number of pests and diseases, can effectively relieve the pressure of late prevention and control, and can have a multiplier effect.
Disease
â– Powdery mildew mainly affects vegetables such as cucumbers, zucchini, sweet peppers, and eggplant.
From the seedlings to the harvest period can occur, with severe damage in the late growth period. The victims are the heaviest, followed by the petiole and stem, and generally do not harm the fruit. At the beginning of the disease, white near-circular small pink spots develop on the middle and lower leaves, and gradually develop into larger spots on the periphery. With the development of the disease, the patches can cover the entire leaf. Afterwards, the diseased leaf disease tissue fades and turns yellow and finally browns. Necrosis, the color of the patches also darkens as the disease progresses. Occasionally, brown spots, dark brown spots, and brown spots are formed on the leaves of late stages. When the disease is serious, both stems and petioles can produce many powdery lesions at the same time, eventually causing premature death of the plant.
â– Downy mildew mainly damages cucumbers, oiled wheat vegetables, garland chrysanthemums, and cabbage and other leafy vegetables.
The disease can occur throughout the whole growth period, and it mainly damages the leaves, usually from the bottom upward or from the outer leaves to the inner leaves. In the beginning, it was a light yellow-green, round to irregular, water-soaked lesion with unclear margins. With the development of the disease, the lesion gradually yellowed, and the back of the diseased leaf produced a white or black frosty mildew layer. When the disease is severe, the diseased spot causes the leaf margin to curl and dry.
â– Botrytis cinerea primarily damages tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, cucumbers and other vegetables.
The disease can occur during the whole growth period of the crop, and almost all of the leaves, flowers, fruits and stems can be affected. Most of the germs initially invade from the flower that has been lost, causing the flowers to rot, producing a gray mold layer, and then developing from diseased flowers to young fruit. Most of the affected areas were immersed in water-like soft rot and atrophy, resulting in a thick layer of gray mold. Diseased flowers or diseased fruits that come into contact with healthy stems, flowers, and young fruit cause morbidity and rot. Sometimes dark brown granules of sclerotia grow on the diseased fruit. The incidence of leaf blades mostly starts from the leaf margins, and shows a "V"-shaped inward expansion along the veins, gray-brown, with a striate line between the depth and the depth, and a clear boundary between disease and health.
â– Leaf mold mainly damages vegetables such as tomatoes, eggplants, and bell peppers.
It mainly damages the leaves and can also harm the stems, flowers and fruits in severe cases. The leaves were infected with the disease. The lesions began to appear in the middle and lower leaves. At the beginning of the leaves, there were unclear chlorotic yellowish spots on the edges, and then the spots on the back of the leaves grew yellowish-yellow to brownish-yellow velvety fungi. In severe cases, multiple lesions on the leaves are connected to each other, resulting in leaf curling and necrosis. The fruit is infected, and black round or irregular shaped patches are formed near the fruit pedicle or on the fruit surface, and the depression is hardened and cannot be eaten.
Recommended medication
â– Powdery mildew prevention The disease can be selected from 4% pyrimidine nucleoside antibiotics, 1% multi-antimycin, and 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder. At the beginning of the disease, 42.8% of fluocinondialdehyde ester suspension, 42.4% oxazole ether fluoroacetamide suspension, 36% nitroprusside EC, 80% sulfur water dispersible granules, and 5% fennonamide EC can be used.
â– Downy mildew can be improved by spraying 1.6% amine amine ester agent, 8% amine ester water agent or 0.0016% alkaloid lactone agent to enhance plant disease resistance. Can also be used chlorothalonil smoke agent, 80% mancozeb wettable powder and 1.5% matrine solution can be prevented and other agents. At the beginning of the disease, 60% dimethoyl manganese zinc wettable powder, 60% oxazoline synthetic water dispersible granules, 70% Propylene zinc WP or 440 g/L diacetylene suspension can be sprayed. protection. The onset period can be 687.5 g/L fluorescens propamocarb suspension, 50% dimethomorph WP, or 72.2% propamocarb HCl solution for spray control.
â– Gray mildew can be sprayed with 100 g/g Bacillus subtilis wettable powder, 0.3% eugenol solution, 0.5% berberine liquid spray. At the beginning of the disease, 10% Pythium chlorothalonil smoke, 15% Pythium carbendazim, 10% Procymidone or 15% bacteriochlorosis can be used for fumigation treatment. The onset period can be combined with spraying and smoking. The spray agent can be selected from 50% boscalid water dispersible granules, 38% zinocyclin water dispersible granules, 42.4% oxazole ether fluoroamide suspension or 40% oxacillin, and the like.
â– Leaf mildew can be prevented with 2% aqueous solution of kasugamycin, 47% of spring thunder-copper wettable powder, 10% of polymycin wettable powder or 0.5% berberine aqueous solution. At the early stage of disease, it can be treated with 10% fluorosilazide water emulsion, 42.8% fluconazole bacillus suspension, 42.4% oxazole ether fluoroamide suspension or 35% fluoxaconazole suspension.
Pests
â– Bemisia tabaci can damage hundreds of vegetables such as cucumbers, zucchini, tomatoes, peppers, and legumes, and is mainly based on Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae, Cruciferae, and Compositae vegetables.
Bemisia tabaci is breeding in greenhouses in Beijing without any diapause and dormancy. Bemisia tabaci can migrate back and forth with the seasonal temperature changes through the tuyere. In the winter, crops on greenhouses are breeding. In autumn, a small amount of adults fly back to the greenhouse through the tuyere. Adults have strong tropism toward yellow and can be trapped and controlled accordingly.
â– There are many types of thrips, mainly guaranma horses, thrips, horses, etc., which harm the cucurbitaceae, legumes, crucifers, liliaceae and solanaceae and other vegetables.
Adults and nymphs use sucking mouthparts to harm young plants such as new leaves, shoots, shoots, flowers, and fruits of host plants. When the surface of the leaf is damaged, many irregular strips of yellow-white necrotic markings are formed, and when the leaves are severe, the dead leaves are distorted and dead. Other damaged organizations have become old and necrotic. The branches and leaves have become stagnant. The growth of plants has been slow. The epidermis has become hard brown or cracked in young larvae, tender pods or young fruit, which has seriously affected the yield and quality of crops. Hummer is annihilated in the northern greenhouse, and the generation overlaps seriously. Adults have strong tropism toward blue color and can be trapped and controlled accordingly.
â– A large variety of locusts are commonly found, such as common oysters, quinces, scallions, and pods. Cruciferae, legumes, cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Asteraceae are all vulnerable to damage.
Adult worms and nymphs suck the crop juice on the back of the leaves and young tissues, resulting in leaf curling and deformation, poor plant growth, and even affecting the leaf vegetable envelope. It also harmed the plant's tender stems, leaves, tender pods, and pedicels, causing the pedicel to become distorted and unable to twitch, flower, and fruit. In addition, it also spreads a variety of viral diseases and induces coal pollution. When young leaves and growing points of the melons are damaged, the leaves curl, the melon seedlings wilted, and they die when they are severe; the old leaves suffer damage, premature aging, and shortening the melon period or affecting the growth of the young melons, resulting in reduced yield. The locusts can be damaging in the greenhouse and the generational overlap is extremely serious. Aphids have strong tropism toward yellow and orange and negative tropism toward silver gray.
Recommended medication
â– Bemisia tabaci can be used 19% brominated paracetamol suspension, 22% spirotetracycline suspension, 22% flonicaxime suspension, 99% mineral oil emulsifiable concentrate or 22.4% spirotetramat suspension and other agents spray.
â– Thrips can use 60 g/l spinosyn suspension, 19% cyanamide suspension, 20% dinotefuran granules, 10% bifenfenidine suspension or 25 g/l Medicinal agent such as spinosad.
â– Aphids can be fumigated with 10% isoprocarb, 15% dichlorvos, 3% beta-cypermethrin, or 12% isoproximine, or 5% acetamiprid, 25% The agent is sprayed with a water-dispersible zirconia granule or a 1.5% matrine solution.
Comprehensive prevention and control
â– Pastoral Cleaning Clean up the weeds and crop residues around the greenhouse, and change the sheds and vegetables in time. The debris should be treated in a timely manner to reduce harm to the nearby environment.
â– Physical prevention and control ensures that the insect nets of the tuyere and greenhouse doors and windows are intact and not damaged, and they are replaced or repaired in time. If conditions permit, the silver-gray film strips can be hung from the tuyere to avoid the aphids. Prevent foreign insects from entering the greenhouse.
Hang insect traps inside the shed to monitor early warning pests. Hang 5-8 pieces per acre, the bottom of the swatches is 5-20 cm from the top of the crop, depending on how fast the crops grow.
â– Agricultural control must be properly watered. Minimize the use of groundwater irrigation as much as possible to avoid flooding with large floods, to prevent plant rooting, to increase greenhouse humidity, and to spread soil-borne germs with muddy water. Try to select sunny morning watering, which will help the plants to dry at night. Second, balanced fertilization. To avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, a reasonable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, timely top dressing, promote robust plants, and enhance the ability of crop resistance, disease resistance. Thirdly, we must remove the old (yellow) leaves, diseased fruits (leaves), seriously ills and insect pests eggs, larvae, insect leaves, etc. at any time, and remove the central diseased plants as soon as possible. The above operations should be carried out when the humidity in the shelter is high, so as to reduce the spread of airborne germs. In field operations such as pruning and snoring, start with healthy plants as much as possible, and finally operate diseased plants to prevent diseases from spreading through agricultural operations.
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