Soil organic matter refers to the life-derived substance in the soil. It is the material other than soil minerals in the soil. It is the most active part of the soil and the basis of soil fertility. It can be said that there is no soil fertility without soil organic matter. Soil organic matter refers to organic compounds in the soil, including carbon compounds, lignin, proteins, resins, waxes, and the like. The sources of organic matter in the soil are very extensive, such as animal and plant and microbial residues, excreta and secretions, and waste water residue. Microorganisms are the earliest source of soil organic matter.
The content of soil organic matter varies greatly among different soils, with high content of up to 20% or more (such as peat soil, fertile forest soil, etc.), and low content of less than 1% or 0.5% (such as desert soil and sand Earth, etc.).
What is the use of soil organic matter?
Soil organic matter contains various nutrients needed for plant growth and development, and is also an important source of phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, magnesium and trace elements in soil.
1. Promote the growth and development of crops.
Humic acid in organic matter can enhance plant respiration, increase cell membrane permeability, and enhance the absorption of nutrients. At the same time, vitamins and some hormones in organic matter can promote plant growth and development.
2. Improve soil structure.
The humus in organic matter is the main binder of soil aggregates. On the one hand, it can reduce the viscosity of sticky soil, reduce the resistance of farming and improve the quality of farming; on the other hand, it can improve the agglomeration of sand and improve its excessive Loose state.
3, improve soil water and fertilizer capacity.
The organic colloid in the soil organic matter has a strong adsorption capacity, which can improve the ability of the soil to maintain fertilizer and water storage, and also improve the buffering of the soil to acid and alkali.
4. Promote soil microbial activities.
Soil organic matter supplies the energy and nutrients needed by soil microbes to facilitate microbial activity. The energy substances and nutrients required for soil microbial life activities are directly and indirectly derived from soil organic matter, and the humus can regulate the acid-base reaction of the soil and promote the improvement of physical properties such as soil structure, which is beneficial to the activities of microorganisms. This promotes the ability of various microorganisms to convert substances. Soil microbial biomass increased with the increase of soil organic matter mass fraction, and there was a significant positive correlation between the two. However, due to the low mineralization rate of soil organic matter, it does not have a rapid stimulating effect on microorganisms like fresh plant residues, but provides energy for microorganisms in a stable and stable manner.
Because of this, soil fertility with a lot of organic matter is stable and long-lasting, and it is not easy to produce crops that are violent or de-fertilized.
5. Increase soil temperature.
The organic matter is a dark substance, generally brown to dark brown, and has a strong heat absorption property, which can raise the ground temperature. Can improve soil thermal conditions.
6, improve soil nutrient.
The humus in organic matter has complexation, and the humus can form a complex or chelate with phosphorus, iron and aluminum ions, avoiding the precipitation of poorly soluble phosphate and increasing the amount of effective nutrients.
7, promote the physiological activity of plants
Humic acid can promote the physiological activity of plants at a certain concentration.
(1) The dilute solution of humate can change the sugar metabolism in plants, promote the accumulation of reducing sugars, and increase the osmotic pressure of cells, thereby enhancing the drought resistance of crops. Fulvic acid is also a major component of certain drought-tolerant agents.
(2) It can increase the activity of catalase, accelerate seed germination and nutrient absorption, thereby increasing growth rate.
(3) It can enhance the respiration of crops, increase the permeability of cell membranes, thereby increasing their ability to absorb nutrients, accelerate cell division, and enhance root development.
8, reduce pollution of pesticides and heavy metals
Humus helps to eliminate pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution in the soil and the toxicity of Al, Mn and Fe in acidic media. In particular, brown humic acid can increase the solubility of certain pesticides such as DDT and triazabenzene remaining in the soil, accelerate the leaching of the soil, and reduce pollution and toxicity. Humic acid can also complex with certain metal ions. Due to the water solubility of the complex, toxic metal ions may be discharged with water, reducing crop damage and soil pollution.
Measures to increase soil organic matter
Soil organic matter is a warehouse that provides nutrients for crop growth and development. It is a large family of soil nutrients. In addition, it is one of the important indicators for judging soil fatness and thinness standards. How to increase and maintain soil organic matter content and increase agricultural crop yield is the main task of agricultural production.
1 increase the total biomass production. Under the premise of increasing production, soil organic matter is increased, because the aboveground part of the production is increased, the underground root system is also increasing, and the underground organisms are also correspondingly prosperous, resulting in an increase in animal and plant residues.
2 Strive to return more straw to the field. Straw returning is directly adding organic matter to the soil. It is necessary to change the habit of burning straw in the field, because burning straws wastes organic matter, and causes organic matter to become carbon dioxide and ran into the air and pollutes the environment.
3 increase the amount of organic fertilizer. Rational fertilization, the implementation of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and continuously increase the amount of organic residues in the soil.
4 reduce the consumption of soil organic matter tonics. For example, measures such as less tillage, no-tillage, and cover are adopted to reduce and control the supply of soil oxygen and to weaken microbial decomposition activities. Coverage can reduce soil erosion. In this way, soil organic matter can be maintained while providing nutrients, increasing energy and maintaining stable content. (Organic Fertilizer Agrochemicals)
The URL of this paper: The effect of organic matter content in soil on the yield of crops
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