Planting wintering tomatoes has high technical requirements. After years of management practice, the author believes that the regulation of water, fertilizer, temperature and humidity, and the prevention and control of pests and diseases should be done to create good environmental conditions for tomato growth to obtain a bumper harvest.
First, balanced fertilization
Overwintering tomatoes grow for a long time, and vegetable growers tend to apply a lot of fertilizer. Many sheds will have green moss on the surface after 2 to 3 years, that is, soil salinization. If the management is not strengthened, the soil will be worsened, and the output will be reduced year by year. After 6 to 7 years, the whole greenhouse will be abolished. Therefore, we should pay attention to balanced fertilization in the use of fertilizer, the specific measures are as follows:
In the application of the base fertilizer before planting, organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer must be used together. The amount of organic fertilizer per new shed is 6 cubic meters of decomposed chicken manure and 6 cubic meters of cow dung. After 3 years, chicken manure is decreasing year by year, and cow dung is increasing year by year. The amount of inorganic fertilizer per mu is 50 kg of diammonium phosphate, 50 kg of potassium sulfate, 20 kg of medium and trace element fertilizer, 20 kg of calcium fertilizer, and 25 kg of microbial fertilizer after 3 years, and then increase by 5 kg year by year. Pay attention to inorganic fertilizer 3/4 application and 1/4 ditch to ensure fertilizer efficiency. In the topdressing fertilizer, the head and ears can be fertilized with 15 kg of medium nitrogen, low phosphorus and high potassium per acre to make the fruit expand before the cold. Fertilization in the cold season, you can use rooting, rooting, cold-resistant humic acid type fertilizer, 20 kg per acre. After the spring, the potassium nitrate can be fertilized by 15 kg/mu with potassium content above 40%. In the future, depending on the situation, the fertilizer should be washed once every other time, and the topdressing should be stopped when the last ear of the fruit is small. Pay attention to the selection of fertilizers to choose regular manufacturers to produce fertilizer.
In foliar fertilization, the entire flowering period should be sprayed with boron fertilizer regularly to promote flower development. After the fruit is hung, especially during the fruit-filling period, calcium fertilizer can be sprayed to prevent umbilical rot. In the later stage of growth, potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed to prevent premature aging.
Second, disease prevention and treatment
The prevention and control of winter tomato disease should be based on the principle of “prevention first, comprehensive prevention and controlâ€. Specific control measures: seedlings should use disease-free, insect-free, non-toxic and strong seedlings, and try to seed from the regular nursery base. After colonization, prevention of yellow leaf curl virus disease is the most critical. The main route of transmission of yellow leaf curl virus is B. tabaci, which should be prevented. After covering the greenhouse film, the 60-mesh insect net should be pulled at the air outlet, and then immersed in the shed with the isopropyl smog. If you find that there are whitefly on the seedlings and immediately kill the insects, the best way is to smoke the shed with smoke at night. Smoked once every 3 days, even smoked 3 times. Prevention of epidemics and leaf mold can be controlled by Daisen zinc and Amishida spray. It is sprayed once every 10 to 15 days on sunny days. If there is continuous smog weather, it is easy to induce gray mold. Prevention and treatment should be carried out with high-efficiency treatments such as pyrimethanil and Lunasen. The prevention interval is 10 days, treatment is 3 to 5 days, and the smoke can be used on cloudy days. . Also to prevent bacterial leaf spot disease, the drug can be used to kill 2000, nitro-hum humate. In March of the next year, the temperature will be higher, the watering and humidity will be high, and the leaf mold disease will break out. It should be highly vigilant. After the onset, tebuconazole and Shigao spray can be used.
Precautions for disease prevention and control: (1) Spraying should be fine, uniform and thorough. (2) The control drug is best used alone, and can only be compatible with one type of foliar fertilizer to avoid phytotoxicity. (3) Do not spray a single agent continuously to avoid drug resistance. (4) Hormone drugs, such as growth agents, inhibitors, swelling agents, etc., try not to spray, if necessary, can be used accurately under the guidance of agricultural technicians.
Third, reasonable watering
After the wintering tomato is planted with water, the seedling water will be poured every 2 to 3 days. If the seedling water is poured late, it will not be too long, and the seedling will grow tall and not good. The first time the fruit water is the most important water, the water will be mad, the head and the fruit will not grow long; the night will fall, the upper stem will be weak, and the premature aging will occur, which is the vegetative growth. Unbalanced growth and reproduction. Therefore, the watering time should be mastered in the head of the ear 80% in the size of table tennis or eggs. Generally, there is no watering in the cold season. If you need to water, you can choose a few days of fine weather and small water ditch irrigation. After the spring, the weather is getting warmer, usually pouring water for 15 to 20 days, and pouring it once every 7 to 10 days after April.
Fourth, temperature and humidity regulation
If the temperature in the shed is high after the wintering of the tomato, it should be kept warm and ventilated, otherwise the seedlings will be prolonged and the virus will be induced. The temperature is maintained at around 25 ° C during the day and around 15 ° C at night. Insulation measures should be strengthened with the decrease of temperature. The minimum temperature at night should not be lower than 6 °C. Cold damage will occur at 3 °C ~ 5 °C for a long time. Freezing damage will occur at 0 °C ~ 3 °C. If it occurs at -2 °C for a short time, it will die. After the spring, the temperature is getting warmer. This is the period of tomato growth. The temperature should be controlled at around 25 °C during the day and 13 °C to 15 °C during the night. After April, it is necessary to ventilate up and down to lower the temperature to prevent high temperature burning and burning.
The regulation of humidity is very important in the whole growth period of wintering tomato. In winter, there are many smog and weather, and the ventilation is small, it is easy to appear more than 90% humidity. Regardless of high temperature or low temperature, high humidity is induced by various fungi and bacterial diseases. One of the main reasons. Therefore, the following measures should be strengthened to reduce humidity: (1) After the water is poured in the winter, the humidity is large. After the morning is lifted, the upper air vent is pulled out by 10 to 20 cm for about 10 minutes to facilitate drainage. (2) After pouring the ground, choose fine weather, close the air inlet at noon, keep it for 30 minutes, make the temperature between 30 °C ~ 38 °C, make the water vaporize, and then let the air drain. (3) Select high-quality anti-fog dripping film. (4) Under the optional membrane drip irrigation, it is best to use drip irrigation to reduce the evaporation of water. (5) If there is grass ash can be sprinkled on the big line, moisture and moisture, and the grass ash is still a good potash.
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