According to statistics, after the calving of dairy cows to 120 days, the milk production accounts for about 60% to 65% of the total milk in the whole lactation period. In the actual production, because the milk production level and the nutritional requirement of the cows at each stage are significantly different, the cows in different lactation stages cannot be fed with the same diet. Since the 1970s, domestic and foreign countries have advocated adopting the stage breeding method and achieved good economic benefits. The stage feeding method is divided into three stages, namely, the early stage of lactation, the middle stage of lactation and the late stage of lactation, and then it enters into the dry stage. (1) The early stage of lactation starts from calving until 70 days after childbirth, which is the initial stage of lactation. At this stage, the dry matter intake of dairy cows is 15% lower than late lactation due to incomplete recovery of appetite. The poorest appetite in the first few days after delivery, the food intake is very low, and the amount of lactation is increasing day by day, causing the nutrient to make ends meet. The cows have to use body fat to produce milk. During this period, the average cow loses about 35-50 kilograms of body weight, an average of 500-700 grams per day. In individual cases, body weight can be reduced by an average of 2 to 2.5 kg per day. For every kilogram of body weight lost, approximately 6.86 kilograms of standard milk can be produced. When body weight is used to produce milk, mobilized body protein is less than body fat, which is only 8% of energy. During this period, about 15 kilograms of body protein is used for milk production. The highest daily milk yield is generally 4-8 weeks postpartum; the highest dry matter intake is 10-14 weeks postpartum, so there is a negative energy balance in the cow during the early lactation period. The composition of the rations, concentrate formulation, and feeding methods at the beginning of lactation are as follows: Concentrate Formula The crude material used in China's dairy farming areas has an average crude protein content of 5% to 8%, and a net milk production energy of 3.766 to 4.184 MJ/kg. Under such coarse material conditions, the concentrate formulation should be: 45% corn, 19% cooked soybean cake, 18% corn high protein, 10% cane skin, 5% fishmeal (or yeast feed), 1.7% bone meal, 0.4% calcium carbonate, 0.8% salt, enhanced trace elements and vitamins Additive 0.1%. 2. Diets consist of milk cows 0 to 30 days post-partum, with 6.5 kg of concentrate per head, 8 kg of brewers' grains, 10 kg of corn silage, and 4.5 kg of hay (Lycopersicon esculentum) per day. Post-harvest milk cows 31 to 70 days after delivery, 10 kg per head per day, 12 kg of brewers' grains, 15 kg of corn silage and 4.5 kg of hay. The ratio of concentrate feed to roughage, calculated as dry matter, is approximately 55%: 45% and 60%: 40%, respectively. Dietary nutrient content, net milk production (MJ/kg to substance) was 7.28 to 7.53, crude protein was 18%, crude fiber was 15%, calcium was 0.81%, and phosphorus was 0.58%. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus is 1.5:1. When the concentration of the concentrate in the lactating cattle is too high, when the crude fiber is 13% to 14.5%, in order to maintain the rumen's normal environment and digestive function, to prevent the pre-stomach relaxation and milk fat content decrease, additional magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate should be added. . These substances have a buffer effect on the acidity of the rumen contents and are called buffers. The amount of sodium bicarbonate is 1% to 1.5% of the concentrate, and magnesium oxide is 0.5% to 0.8% of the concentrate. The application results showed that the milk fat percentage of the experimental group was 0.4-0.5% higher than that of the control group. 3. Feeding methods There are the following two feeding methods in the early stage of lactation: (1) Traditional feeding methods in China: After calving, cows should allow them to freely eat high-quality hay, and try to avoid feeding too much corn silage. After feeding the concentrate, observe the eating conditions on the day. If there is no concentrate, and a lot of hay is eaten, the spirit, defecation, rumination, etc. are normal, and the milk volume is also increased, then 0.5 to 1 kg of fine material can be fed daily; There are leftovers, and less coarse food intake, eating too slow, appetite is obviously bad, you can not feed. The daily feed amount is divided into 3 feeds. Generally, the feed amount should not exceed 3 kilograms per day, and should be fed after mixing with the raw materials. The amount of concentrate should be controlled for 3 kg of milk and 1 kg of concentrate. Milk production was measured once every 3 days and milk fat rate was measured once every 10 days to guide production. (2) Full-price diet (also known as fully-mixed diet) feeding method: Calculate the nutrients required by cows first according to factors such as milk production, milk fat percentage, body weight, and weight loss in the early stage of lactation, and then calculate the corresponding date. The level of food nutrient and the total amount of preparation, determine the feed formulation, and then mix the additives such as short roughage, concentrate, dregs, buffers, mineral elements, and vitamins with a special blender (or manual) for cattle. Free to eat. This will not cause digestive dysfunction, ruminal acidosis, overeating and other issues, and the large amount of food, nutritional balance, milk volume increased rapidly. (B) The mid-lactation stage This period is 71 to 140 days after the cow is born, and some of the data are also known as the stable period of lactation. At this stage, the lactation peak of the cow just passed but the dry matter intake peaked and the body weight began to recover. High-producing dairy cows with a stable lactation curve have almost no reduction in milk supply during this period, or only decline at a rate of less than 6% per month; however, the average cattle production decline is 10%. At this stage, the nutrients obtained by the cow, in addition to meeting the needs for maintenance and milk production, have extra nutrients to restore lost weight after birth. If the excess nutrient obtained by the cow is balanced and the uterus returns to normal, the cow may be in normal estrus and about 90 to 110 days after childbirth can be fertilized. Therefore, it is very important to feed full price feeds at this stage. The formulas, dietary composition and feeding points for the mid-lactation period are as follows: Concentrate formula corn 50%, cooked soybean cake (birth) 20%, drum skin 12%, corn high protein: O%, fish meal (or yeast feed) 5%, bone meal 1.6%, calcium carbonate 0.4%, salt 0.9%, enhanced Trace element and vitamin additive 0.1%. 2 Dietary concentrates: 1 kilogram of concentrate per 2.7 kilograms of regular milk; 2.5 to 3 kilograms of regular milk, 1 kilogram of fresh brewers' grains (or glutinous rice malt, tofu). Crude material: 20 kg corn silage per day per cow and 4 kg of Leymus chinensis (or medium quality hay). Dietary nutritional level: Net milk production (MJ/kg dry matter) of 7.53 and crude protein of 17% 15 to 17% of crude fiber, 0.91% of calcium, and 0.64% of phosphorus. Calcium and phosphorus is 1.42:1. Crude material ratio is 50% for middle-produced dairy cows, and for high-yield dairy cows with daily milk production of 35-45kg. 55%: 45%; when the coarse quality is poor, it is 60%: 405. The gluten-like protein feedstuffs such as brewer's grains are generally about 10% in terms of dry matter in the diet composition. 3. Feeding Essentials The mid-lactation feeding technique must grasp the following points: First, at this stage, full-price diets can be maintained as needed to maintain milk production, regardless of weight changes. Second, high yields above 35 kilograms per day. Dairy cows, whether on weekdays or in summer, should be supplemented with buffers. Potassium chloride or fat powder (containing 80% fat, lactose, casein, starch, and 5% moisture, and antioxidants) should also be added in summer to facilitate Cows are resistant to heat stress. Third, high-yielding dairy cows may have a dry matter intake of 3.5 to 4.5 kg/100 kg at this stage, and their appetite is very strong, but they must still be carefully raised to be successful. Fourth, in order to prevent the effect of heat on the appetite of cows during the summer, the intake of food can be increased by feeding them at the lowest temperature in the morning before sunrise at 3 to 5 in the morning. (3) The needs for nutrition in the late post-lactation period, including maintenance, lactation, repair of body tissues, fetal growth, and nutrients in pregnancy sediments, have increased the demand for nutrients from cows. During this period, the increase in body weight is higher than that in the mid-lactation period. Generally, the cow gains about 500 to 750 grams per day, which is equivalent to the nutrient requirement of 3 to 5 kg of standard milk per day. The weight of 35-50 kg that is subtracted from the early stage of lactation should be restored in the mid-lactating period and during this stage as much as possible, but it cannot make the cow too fat. At this stage, the efficiency of the cow's metabolism to restore body weight is higher than that of the dry period. In the late lactation period, the formula, the composition of the diet and the main points for feeding are as follows: High-producing dairy cows with a milk production level of 8,000 to 8500 kilograms, with a daily milk production of 26 kilograms at this stage, plus 30 kilograms of milk production for a weight increase, have a milk fat content of 3.5%. 50% corn, cooked bean cake (粕) 10%, cotton kernel cake 5%, flax cake 5%, peanut cake 3%, sunflower seed cake 4%, drum skin 20%, bone meal; 1.5%, calcium carbonate 0.5%, salt 0.9%, trace element and vitamin additive 0.1%. Cows with a milk production level of 7000 kg have a milk production of 20 kg at this stage, and need to add weight. According to the calculation of 25 kg, the milk fat percentage is 3.5%. The formula for concentrates is: corn 50%, cooked soybean cake (粕) 10 %, 5% of sunflower seed cake, 5% of cotton kernel cake, 5% of flax cake, 22% of bran, 1.5% of calcium phosphate, 0.5% of calcium carbonate, 0.9% of salt, 0.1% of trace elements and vitamin additives. Cows with a milk production level of 6,000 kg have a milk production of 17 kg at this stage. The weight gain is calculated at 22 kg, and the milk fat percentage is 3.5%. The formula for the concentrates is 50% corn and 10% cooked bean cake. , Bran 24%, cotton kernel cake 5%, sunflower seed cake 5%, sesame seed meal 3%, bone meal 1.5%, calcium carbonate 0.5%, salt 0.9%, trace element and vitamin additive 0.1%. 2. Diet composition The diet composition and nutritional status of different dairy cows at the end of lactation can refer to the relevant books. 3. Feeding points The rearing techniques of lactation should grasp the following points: First, the diet should be based on the cow's milk production level and actual conditions. As long as the cows are moderately pupa (ie, the ribs are obviously exposed), the diet should be fed according to the aforementioned diet. Hey. If it has reached a medium or more lyrical condition (ie, the ribs are visible, but not obvious), then 1 to 1.5 kg of concentrate material can be reduced, and the amount of silage corn can be strictly controlled to prevent cows from becoming over-fat. Secondly, a concert rectal examination must be performed before the end of the expected period of cessation of breastfeeding. Finally, it is determined whether or not the baby is pregnant so that it can be stopped in time. Sometimes individual cows may have twins, and the twins should be used to determine the feeding plan for the cow's dry period. It is necessary to reasonably raise the feeding level and increase the need for milk production by 3 to 5 kilograms. Third, it is forbidden to feed frozen or moldy feeds; attention should be paid to the protection of the cows against mechanical abortions (such as preventing cows from crowding over each other when crossing narrow lanes to prevent slipping).
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