What are the factors that affect the emulsification results of vacuum emulsifiers?
1. The form of the emulsification head of the vacuum emulsifier (batch type and continuous type) (continuous type is better than batch)
2. The shear rate of the emulsification head (the bigger the better the effect)
3, the tooth structure of the emulsification head (divided into the first tooth, the middle tooth, the fine tooth, the superfine tooth, the better the fine tooth effect)
4, the residence time of the material in the dispersion wall, emulsification and dispersion time (can be regarded as the same motor, the smaller the flow rate, the better the effect)
5, the number of cycles of vacuum emulsifier (the more the better the effect, the time limit to the equipment, it can not be better)
The temperature of the vacuum emulsifier has a great influence on the emulsification, but there is no strict limit on the temperature. If the oil and water are all liquid, the emulsification can be achieved by stirring at room temperature. Generally, the emulsification temperature depends on the melting point of the high melting point substance contained in the two phases, and factors such as the type of the emulsifier and the solubility of the oil phase and the aqueous phase are also considered. In addition, the temperature of the two phases should be kept nearly the same, especially when emulsification is carried out on waxes and fat oil phase components containing a higher melting point (above 70 ° C), the low temperature aqueous phase cannot be added to prevent waxing, Lipid crystals precipitate, resulting in a massive or coarse uneven emulsion. Generally, in the emulsification, the temperature of both the oil and water can be controlled between 75 ° C and 85 ° C. If the oil phase has a high melting point wax, the emulsification temperature is higher. In addition, if the viscosity increases greatly during the emulsification process, so-called too thick and affects the agitation, some emulsification temperatures can be appropriately increased. If the emulsifier used has a certain phase inversion temperature, the emulsification temperature is also selected to be around the phase inversion temperature. The emulsification temperature sometimes has an effect on the size of the emulsion particles. For example, when the emulsification temperature is controlled at 80 ° C by using a fatty acid soap anionic emulsifier, the emulsion particle size is about 1.8-2.0 μm, and if emulsified at 60 ° C, the particle size is about 6 μm. When emulsified with a nonionic emulsifier, the emulsification temperature has a weak influence on the particle size.
The emulsification time of the vacuum emulsifier vacuum emulsifier obviously affects the quality of the emulsion, and the emulsification time is determined according to the volume ratio of the oil phase aqueous phase, the viscosity of the two phases and the viscosity of the emulsion, and the emulsifier. Type and dosage, as well as emulsification temperature, but the emulsification time is to make the system fully emulsified, which is closely related to the efficiency of the emulsification equipment. The emulsification time can be determined according to experience and experiment. If emulsification is carried out with a homogenizer (3000 rpm), it only takes 3-10 minutes.
Vacuum Emulsifier Mixing speed Vacuum emulsifier emulsification equipment has a great influence on emulsification, one of which is the effect of stirring speed on emulsification. The moderate agitation speed is to make the oil phase and the water phase sufficiently mixed, and the stirring speed is too low, obviously failing to achieve the purpose of thorough mixing, but the stirring speed is too high, the bubbles are brought into the system, and the three-phase system is obtained. The emulsion is unstable. Therefore, the entry of air must be avoided during the agitation, and the vacuum emulsifier has superior performance.
Vacuum emulsifier emulsifier selection (1) The vacuum emulsifier uses an emulsifier similar to the emulsified material;
(2) selecting several emulsifiers to mix;
(3) selecting a soluble emulsifier;
(4) The vacuum emulsifier selects an emulsifier with better hydrophilicity and an emulsifier with better lipophilicity;
(5) using different hydrophilic homologous composite emulsifiers made of the same hydrophobic base material;
(6) The preparation of O/W liquid is mainly water-soluble emulsifier, and the amount of each emulsifier is doubled on both sides of the main emulsifier in HLB order;
(7) The HLB value of the vacuum emulsifier composite emulsifier should be substantially the same as the emulsified oily substance;
1. urine analysis strip is dry chemical reaction principle, the human body in the urine of white blood cells, proteins, ph, urine specific gravity, ketone body, bilirubin, occult blood, nitrite, uric bravery, glucose, creatinine, vitamin C, calcium within ten three indexes such as qualitative and semi-quantitative detection.
2. For the use of this product, we must pay attention to several points. For example, at the beginning, we should immerse all the reagent part on the urine analysis strip into the sample, and then take it out immediately.
3. Additionally, the edge of the urine analysis strip should be gently brushed along the mouth wall of the sample container to remove excess urine. Then place the reagent block on the urinalysis strip horizontally up and compare with the color map to record the results.
Rational use of urine analysis strip has played a very good role in our timely detection of disease and timely treatment
[Test Principle]
Urobilinogen:Urobilinogen with diazonium salt produce red violet dyes in strong acid medium.
Bilirubin:The direct bilirubin with dichlorobenzene diazonium produce azo dyes in acid medium.
Ketone:The acetoacetic acid and sodium nitroprusside cause reaction in alkaline medium,which produces red violet compound.
Blood:Hemoglobin acts as peroxidase. It can cause peroxidase release neo-ecotypes oxide (O).(O) oxidizes the indicator and make the color change subsequently.
Protein:It is based on a specific pH indicator attracted by cation on protein molecule,the indicator further ionized and make the color change.This phenomenon is called protein-error-of -indicator principle.
Nitrite:Nitrite and aromatic amine are diazotized to form a diazonium compound.The diazonium compound reacts with tetrahydrobenzo(h)quinolin 3-phenol produce the red azo dye.
Leukocyte:Pyrrole amino acid ester produce free phenol under the hydrolysis of esterase in neutrophile granulocyte,the free phenol couple with phenyl diazonium salt produce purple azo dyes.
Glucose:The glucose oxidized by glucose oxidase catalyzes the formation of glucuronic acid and peroxide hydrogen.Peroxide hydrogen releases neo-ecotypes oxide(O)under the function of peroxidase.(O)oxidizes tetramethyl benzidine, which make the color change.
Specific Gravity:Methyl vinyl ether and maleic acid copolymer is weak acid (-COOH) exchanger,the M+ cation (the major is Na+) in urine reacts with the exchanger and release hydrogen ion,hydrogen ion reacts with indicator produce color change.
pH:The method of pH indicator is applied.
Ascorbic Acid:Ascorbic acid deoxidizes the 2.6-dichlorphenolindophenol dye into colorless in alkaline medium.
Microalbumin:Sulfone phthalein dye has high sensitivity to microalbumin by the method of protein error.
Creatinine:Creatinine with 3,5-Dinitrobenoic acid produce violet compound in alkaline medium.
Calcium:Calcium ion reacts with methyl bromothymol blue produce color change in alkaline medium.
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