Atractylodes chinensis, Asteraceae Atractylodes is a perennial herb, which is used as a rhizome. The taste is bitter and warm, and it has the effects of dampness, turbidity and pain relief. This paper introduces the site selection, seed selection, sowing, field management, harvesting and processing methods of the cultivation of Atractylodes lancea Maxim. It is suitable for the cultivation and processing of Atractylodes in most parts of northern China. Atractylodes lancea mainly grows on humus loam or sandy soil on sunny slopes and semi-shady slopes. It is cool and climate-friendly, drought-tolerant, and avoids stagnant water.
Atractylodes lancea grows in the sunny and semi-shady shrub communities in the forest steppe. Strong cold resistance, like cold, full of sunshine, climatic conditions with large temperature difference between night and night, afraid of glare and high temperature. The optimum growth temperature is 15 °C ~ 22 °C, and the seedlings can withstand low temperature of -15 °C.
The soil is mostly dark brown soil or sandy loam with loose tops, fertile soil and good permeability. Avoid low-lying land, water-immersed roots are chaotic. It is planted in barren hills and thin land. It enjoys a cool climate, good drainage, low groundwater level, loose soil structure, and the best growth on sandy soil rich in humus.
Planting mode
Single crop, intercropping, and other crops, cropping, rotation, avoiding continuous cropping, the former crop is better for gramineous plants.
Soil cultivation and land preparation
[Selection] Choose humic loam or sandy soil with cool climate and good drainage. Slope, mountain and wasteland can be used. Like cool climate, drought tolerance, avoid water. It is advisable to cultivate sandy loam with half-yin and half-yang, deep soil layer, loose and fertile, rich in humus and well-drained. Plots that are sticky, low-lying, and poorly drained are not suitable.
[Base fertilizer] 3000kg per mu of farmyard manure, and the fertilizer is better with diamine phosphate. Apply 20kg per acre.
[Soil preparation] On the selected plots, first apply fertilizer or farmyard manure on the ground. Be sure to spread evenly. Then, the squatting is fine, the bed is punched, and before the bed is beaten, some insecticides are raised on the ground to prevent underground pests from harming the seedlings. The bed is 1.2 meters wide and 20 cm high. The raft is fine, and the stones and other debris are picked up.
sowing
Atractylodes can be transplanted by seed, transplanted, and propagated. Seedling transplanting is generally used in production.
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[Reproduction method]
Atractylodes can be transplanted with seed seedlings, ramets and roots.
[culture seedling transplanting]
(1) Selection and preparation of nursery fields. The seedbed should be selected in the sunny place, deep-turned before planting, and the base fertilizer should be applied at the same time. Composting, grass ash, etc. should be used in the north, and some insecticides should be raised on the ground to prevent underground pests from harming the seedlings. After the whole level is flattened, pick up stones and other debris. Made to be 100 cm wide and 330 to 500 cm long.
(2) Sowing date and seeding rate. Spring sowing can be planted before and after Qingming, and winter sowing can be planted from October to November before freezing. The amount of seeds per acre is 4 to 5 kg.
(3) Seed selection and processing. Seeds that are full of particles, fresh in color, and have the same maturity should be selected for seeding. Soak seeds with 25 °C warm water before sowing, so that the seeds can fully absorb the water, strictly control the temperature of 10 °C ~ 20 °C, wait for seed germination, radicle Open white, sow immediately.
[Sowing method and quality requirements]
(1) Broadcasting and broadcasting. Striping - Ditching laterally on the kneading surface, the groove distance is 20 to 25 cm, the groove depth is 3 cm, and the seeds are evenly scattered in the ditch, covering the soil about 1 cm. Covering the mulch. Spreading - Spread the seeds evenly on the surface of the coffin, covering the soil about 1 cm. After the sowing, it is necessary to cover the bed surface with pine needles as the best. Without pine needles, straw can be used instead. Covers such as pine needles covered should be thin and uniform, and the thickness should be based on the leak-like non-leakage bed surface.
(2) Management of Miaotian. The bed surface is kept moist before the emergence of the seedlings, and the bare parts of the bed surface that are scraped by the wind are often inspected and covered in time. When the emergence of the seedlings is more than half, the leaf weeds can be removed. Combine the loose soil to remove the weeds, when the seedlings grow 4 pieces of true leaves, the seedlings are kept 4cm.
Then use 0.1% foliar compound fertilizer to spray once in the morning and evening, spray a total of 2 times every 10 days, then spray 0.3% foliar compound fertilizer once every half month, and spray directly until the end of July. In the hot and rainy season in July, the seedlings were sprayed with 1:1 200 times liquid Bordeaux mixture to prevent the occurrence of blight and powdery mildew.
(3) Colonization. Seedling transplanting can be planted at a height of about 10 cm, or it can be cultivated in a nursery for one year, and planted in early March of the next year. For seedlings with rhizome length ≥1.Ocm and coarse ≥0.5cm, it can be used as production. The seedlings are lower than this standard. The selected seedlings can be transplanted by soaking in 25% carbendazim 1000 times solution for 1 hour, draining and draining. Planted at a row spacing of 30 cm × 15 cm, watered after planting. It is easy to survive when you choose rainy days or afternoon transplants.
(4) Planting by ramets. In the spring of April, the old seedlings were dug out of the roots, shaken off the soil, and each hoe was cut into several small scorpions with a knife. Each scorpion took 1 to 3 root buds, and then planted according to the seedling colonization method. Weeding, after planting, must be cultivating, weeding, and soil (if not cultivating the soil, easy to dump the West), and chasing the dilute 1 or 2 times.
(5) Rhizome breeding. In combination with harvesting, the roots and stems are excavated, the roots with buds are cut, and the rest are used for medicinal purposes. After the incisions are dried, the plants are planted at a distance of 30 cm × 15 cm, and each hole is planted and covered with soil.
Field management
[Cultivating, cultivating and weeding] In the past five to seven months, weeds should be weeded, and the soil should be removed early, first and then shallow, do not hurt the roots, and remove the weeds around the seedlings by hand. Combine weeding and soil to prevent lodging, and in October, we will protect the seedlings from wintering.
In the case of suitable humidity and temperature, it can be almost 20 days after sowing, and during this period, the weeds will be unearthed before the Atractylodes seedlings. When the weeds are covered, the weeds can be weeded on a sunny day. The herbicides that are used for weeding can be found in the farmer's or gram, and the dosage can be based on the instructions on the pesticide bottle. With this method, a lot of weeds can be removed, and labor and labor are saved.
[Topdressing] Generally, the fertilizer is applied three times a year, combined with soil cultivation to prevent lodging. The first top dressing applied the manure water in May, using about 1 000 kg per mu. The second time was to apply human excrement at the peak of the seedling growth period in June, about 1 250 kg per mu, or per acre. 5 kilograms of ammonium sulfate fertilizer; the third top dressing should be used before the flowering in August, 1000 to 1,500 kilograms of human excrement per acre, plus the appropriate amount of plant ash and superphosphate.
The top dressing of the roots is carried out from the leaf to the leaves before the leaves are sprayed every 15 to 20 days. The vegetative growth period is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and the roots are mainly sprayed with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The optional agent is 0.3-0.5% urea, 0.2-0.3%. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 2 to 3% per passite, 0.3 to 0.5% diammonium, 0.2 to 0.3% potassium nitrate, 0.03 to 0.08% boric acid, 0.05% ammonium hyallate, 0.3 to 0.4% straw ash leaching solution. During the period from the end of July to the beginning of August, the spraying effect of the underground rhizome of Atractylodes lancea L. was obvious.
[Irrigation and Drainage] When the seeds are germinated, if they encounter dry weather, they must be watered, otherwise the seedlings will easily die due to lack of water. In the rainy season, clean up the ditch and eliminate the water in the field to avoid rotten roots.
[Extracting buds] In addition to the cultivation of the cultivar, the buds of the arborescens are removed every year. Before the plants are budded, the buds are selected in a sunny day. Note that when picking the buds, it is better to remove the leaves and shake the roots. It is better to hold the stems in one hand and pick the buds in one hand. Except for leaving the top 2-3 flower buds, the rest should be removed.
Pest control
The pests and diseases that Bupleurum faces mainly include root rot, aphids, yellow swallowtail butterflies, and red strips. Especially root rot, which is caused by high temperature and humidity, field accumulation (stain) water, pay attention to prevention.
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[disease]
The diseases that harm the atractylodes are mainly black spot, round rot, blight, and soft rot. The control method mainly relies on the improvement of the farming system and the cultivation method, and cooperates with the application of some medicaments.
After harvesting, deep-turning the soil and irrigating, and rotating with wheat, can accelerate the rot of the sclerotium, avoid the same medicinal herbs or plants such as Solanaceae, Leguminosae and Melon; use disease-free and robust planting, and Disinfection of the drug; the diseased plant should be removed from the field for destruction, the lime is disinfected in the diseased area, and the plant is sprayed with 70% methyl thiophanate or 50% carbendazim 500-1000 times to inhibit the spread of the plant.
[Pest]
(1) Aphids: April-June is the most dangerous. After June, the temperature rises, the rain increases, the amount of mites decreases, and the insect population increases in August. Then, due to climatic conditions, the winged oysters are produced and moved to other chrysanthemums. The host of the plant is overwintering.
Control method: remove the weeds in the mountains and reduce the density of the wintering insects; the insects are sprayed with 1500-2000 times of dichlorvos.
(2) Small tigers: often bite off the seedlings from the ground and drag them into the caves to continue to bite, or bite the young shoots that are unearthed from the rice, causing the seedlings to be deficient. When the base of Atractylodes lancea L. is hardened or the weather is wet, it can also bite the young branches and leaves of the branches.
Control method: remove weeds and litter around the mountains during March-April, eliminate wintering larvae and pupa; check the mountains before sunrise in the morning and find that there are small holes in the soil near the newly-killed seedlings, immediately dig and kill larvae 4-5 months, when the small tiger begins to harm, use 90% trichlorfon 1000 times liquid to pour the hole.
7. Production of seeds (seedlings)
Generally, mature fruits can be harvested from September to October, and the production should be established to keep the farmland and cultivate high-yield varieties with good quality. It should be noted that the seeds of Atractylodes lancea are short-lived and have a life span of only half a year. The seeds of the next year cannot be used under natural conditions.
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[Gene resources]
(1) Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.
Herbs perennial, 30 to 70 cm high. The rhizome is coarse and fat, and has a book-like shape. There are fine roots on the knot. The exterior is brown and has aroma. The section has reddish brown oil spots. Stems erect, cylindrical and longitudinally ribbed, not branched or slightly branched.
Leaves alternate, basal leaves stalked or sessile, often sessate before flowering, middle leaf ellipsoidally shaped, ca. 4 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide, intact or 3--7-pinnately lobed, thorny serrate margin The top is dark green, with a little white powder on the bottom, the upper leaves are getting smaller, not cracking, no bing. Flowering in autumn, the heads are mostly apical, the base has two layers and inflorescences of the same length of feathers. The total sepals are 6-8 layers, with cilia; bisexual flowers, flowers and unisex flowers ;
The flowers are all tubular, white; bisexual corolla hairyly branched, slightly shorter than corolla; female flowers with 5 åœ linear degenerate stamens. Achenes are cylindrical and yellowish white. Born in hillside shrubs and grass. Distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan and other places, there are many cultivation. The main production is Jiangsu, Hubei, Henan. In addition, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangxi are also produced.
The quality of the area produced in Maoshan, Jiangsu Province is the best, so it is called "Mao Shu" or "Maoshan Atractylodes", which is distributed in Nanjing, also known as "Jing Mao Shu" and "Jing Cang Shu". Produced in Hubei and Jiangxi, and distributed in Hankou, it is also known as "Han Cang".
(2) Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz.
It is roughly the same as that of Atractylodes lancea, and its main difference is that the leaves are usually sessile, the leaves are wide, oval or narrowly ovate, generally pinnately 5-lobed, 3- to 5-pinnately lobed or not lobed. The inflorescence is slightly wider, and the total sepals are mostly 5-6 layers, which bloom in summer and autumn. Born in the low mountain shady slopes, under the forest and drier. Distributed in the Northeast, North China and Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Shandong, Henan and other places.
Distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and other places. The main production is Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang. In addition, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu and other places are also produced. The multi-distribution produced in various parts of Hebei is in Tianjin, so it is called "Jin Cang".
(3) The fake atractylodes that need attention. A.jaPo nica KoidZ.ex.Kitam
The main difference between this species and the above two is as follows: the leaves have long petioles, the upper leaves are 3, the lower leaves are pinnately 3-5-lobed, the lobes are oblong, obovate or elliptic, the base is tapered and descending, and the edges are flat. Or a curved bristles inside. Flowering period from August to September, fruiting period from September to October. Born on hillsides, forest margins, under the forest or between bushes. Distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and other places. The main production is Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning.
[Seed collection and storage]
During the fruit ripening period from September to October, the mature fruit is harvested, dried and threshed, and the impurities are removed. It is stored in a ventilated and dry place. The production should be established to keep the seed, and cultivate high yield and good quality. An acre of land can pick 5 kilograms of "Atractylodes" seeds.
[Seed quality standard]
Morphological characteristics: achenes, oval, some microbend, seed long diameter 0.50 ~ 0.75cm, short diameter 0.15 ~ 0.3cm, outside the white hair, feather crown hair length of about 0.8cm, the top is flat. The umbilical cord is located at the base. The radicle ruptures the seed coat from the germination. The seed has two cotyledons and no endosperm. The diameter of the embryo is parallel to the long axis of the seed.
index:
Seed characteristics: Atractylodes chinense seeds belong to low temperature hair growth, the lowest germination temperature is 5 ° C ~ 8 ° C, the optimum temperature is 10 ° C ~ 15 ° C, more than 45 ° C seeds almost all mildew.
In actual production, the autumn broadcast is at the end of October or the beginning of November. At this time, the temperature and the ground temperature can reach about 10 °C, and the seeds can germinate. In the spring of the next year, the temperature rises to 10 °C to expose the ground. Due to the abundant rain, the autumn seeding is neat and robust, and the spring seedlings are slow, and it takes about 30-50 days to emerge.
The number of basal leaves and rhizome size of autumn seedlings were better than that of spring sowing. Atractylodes lancea seeds are short-lived and have a life span of only half a year. Seeds can not be used under natural conditions every other year. Cryopreservation can prolong the life of seeds. Atractylodes seeds should be kept at low temperature (0 °C ~ 4 °C), and the germination rate can be maintained above 80%.
8. Harvesting and processing
Home-grown atractylodes can only be harvested after 2 years of growth. The atractylodes chinensis is mostly harvested in the autumn; the northern atractylodes can be excavated in both spring and autumn, and the quality of the excavation before the autumn is not unearthed.
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[Year of harvest] The family of Atractylodes can only be harvested after 2 years of growth. The atractylodes chinensis is mostly excavated in the autumn; the northern Cangzhu can be excavated in both spring and autumn, but the quality of the excavation before the autumn is not unearthed.
[Processing method] In the end of autumn or early winter, or in the beginning of spring, excavate the rhizome, remove the residual stem, shake off the soil, and put it into the basket when it is sun-baked until it is four or five percent, hitting the roots, it is dark brown, and then drying to six. Dry, hit the second time, until most of the old skin has been knocked out, and then hit the third time until the whole skin is dry, until the skin is yellowish brown; or after drying to 90%, use the fire to remove the roots and then heat until All dry.
[Yield] 700-800kg of fresh produce per mu.
[Specification level]
Atractylodes sinensis: unified goods, dry goods. It has an irregular beaded cylindrical shape and is slightly curved. The surface is grayish black or taupe. The quality is firm, the section is yellowish white, and there are cinnabar spots. It is exposed for a long time. It has white hairy crystals, and it has a strong fragrance and a slight sweetness. The middle diameter is 0.8 cm or more. No roots, impurities, insects and mildew.
Northern Atractylodes: goods, dry goods. Irregular braided or nodular. The surface is dark brown or brown. The quality is loose, the section is yellowish white or grayish white, with brownish cinnabar spots. It is fragrant and slightly sweet and spicy. The middle diameter is more than lcm. No roots, impurities, insects and mildew.
[Appendix] Production mode of Atractylodes chinensis
Forest land selection: Under the selection of humus layer thick sandy loam, chernozem, chestnut soil, forest ash soil and brown forest soil under the mixed forest, the soil is slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, that is, pH 6.5 ~ 7.5 is suitable, woodland The canopy closure degree is preferably 0.6°~0.8°, and the slope is ≤20°. At the same time, the site conditions have strict requirements on soil drainage and it is not suitable for planting.
Site preparation: The forest will be cut 2 to 4 m wide, and the uncultivated trees, shrubs and weeds will be removed and cleaned, and then stacked on the slope. The inclined hillside bed leaves a 2~3m isolation zone every 20~30m, the bed width is 1.2m, and the bed height is 15cm.
Seeding and management: seeding and management in the same way as the body part.
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