First, select the area where the environmental conditions meet the standards to establish a vegetable base
Establishing a pollution-free vegetable production base in areas where environmental conditions meet the prescribed standards is a key measure to prevent and control vegetable pollution. According to the information provided by the environmental protection department, the water quality, atmosphere and soil should be properly controlled. The basic condition of the base is that the base irrigation water should comply with the National Farmland Irrigation Water Standard. The air condition of the base should be lower than the maximum allowable concentration of atmospheric pollutants for crop protection. There is no pollution source for harmful substances around the base. The main line is 50-100 meters or more, and it is relatively concentrated into pieces, which is conducive to large-scale production.
Second, the use of reasonable production and cultivation techniques
Using reasonable agricultural production technology measures to improve the resistance of vegetables, reduce pests and diseases, and reduce the amount of pesticides is an important measure to prevent vegetables from being contaminated.
(1) Variety of disease-resistant varieties and low-enrichment and distribution of acid salts should be selected according to local conditions. In particular, for vegetables with more serious vegetable diseases that have no effective prevention methods, pest-resistant varieties must be selected.
(2) Do a good job in seed treatment and seedbed disinfection. For seeds and soil-borne vegetables, the seeds and seedbeds should be strictly disinfected to reduce seedling diseases and reduce the amount of plants used.
Seed treatment: Check seed purity, clarity, dry weight, germination rate, moisture and pests before planting.
Soaking the warm soup: soak the seeds in water at 50--55 ° C (ie 2 parts boiling water to 1 part cold water), stir while stirring, and keep the hot water for 10-15 minutes at any time, then add cold water to lower the temperature.
Chemical treatment: Formalin is soaked with 50--100 times liquid for 20-30 minutes, and the seeds are taken out and fumigation for 2 - 3 hours, then rinsed with water to control cucumber anthracnose and blight; copper sulfate 100 Soak the seeds for 10-15 minutes, remove the cleaned liquid with water, and control the cucumber anthracnose and blight. Soak the seeds with 10% trisodium phosphate solution, then rinse with water to neutral to prevent tomato virus disease.
Disinfection on the seedbed: 50% of formalin was used 50-100 times more than three weeks before sowing, and the seedbed soil was evenly sprayed with a sprayer, tightly closed with a plastic film cover for 5 days, and then the film was removed for 2 weeks, and then sown after the drug was volatilized.
(3) Sowing at the right time. The sowing date of vegetables is closely related to the occurrence of pests and diseases. According to the characteristics of vegetables and the climatic conditions of the year, the appropriate sowing date should be selected.
Chinese cabbage is suitable for sowing date (Chongqing area) live from late June to early September.
Sea pepper is suitable for sowing date, July greenhouse cold bed seedlings in mid-November, greenhouse hotbed seedlings from late December to early January;
Tomato is suitable for sowing period greenhouse cold bed in late December, greenhouse hotbed in early January;
Cucumber is suitable for sowing early-maturing varieties in mid-to-late February, and mid-late maturing varieties from late February to mid-March;
Kidney beans are suitable for sowing from March to April;
Ganlan is suitable for sowing in mid-July, early maturity can be advanced to late June.
(4) Cultivate strong seedlings. The seedlings are nursed by nutrient sputum and plug trays, and the seedling age is suitable, and the seedlings are planted early and transplanted with soil to reduce seedling diseases and enhance disease resistance.
The standard of strong seedlings is: intact branches, no damage, no pests, thick stems, short sections, thick leaves, short petiole, dark green color, thick roots, developed lateral roots and roots, and appropriate seedling age, meeting the standard of colonization requirements.
(5) Reasonably arrange the variety layout, avoid the same kind of vegetables, and implement water and drought rotation or other rotation methods. For the former vegetables, the old leaves and residues must be removed in time after harvesting, and the soil should be ploughed to keep the pasture clean and reduce the residual germs and eggs.
(6) Deeply turning the land, rational rotation, intercropping, and conditional areas, using water and drought rotation methods to reduce the number of pathogens and pests and diseases.
(7) Strengthen field management, improve cultivation methods, promote deep-groove high-cabin cultivation, avoid water accumulation in the field, facilitate ventilation and light transmission, reduce humidity between plants, timely remove pests, diseased plants, reduce the number of germs and pests, Control the occurrence of pests and diseases.
(8) Adopting the method of facility cultivation, covering with plastic film covering or insect net in greenhouse, it can significantly reduce the dust and acid sedimentation and pest damage, and reduce the content of heavy metals in the soil and the amount of vegetables used in the greenhouse. In the greenhouse, the method of soilless cultivation is adopted to control the water and fertilizer supply, prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases, thereby avoiding the pollution of pesticides and heavy metals, and effectively controlling the nitrite content of vegetable products, so that the commercial vegetables can reach pollution-free. The standard of food.
Third, the use of comprehensive technical measures to control pests and diseases
(1) First select biological pesticides or biochemical preparations that have good effects and are harmless or extremely toxic to humans, animals, and natural enemies. The BT emulsion is 500-1500 times more resistant to pests such as cabbage caterpillar, bean wild carp and diamondback moth.
Liuyangmycin 15% emulsion 1000-2000 times to control the mites of red spiders, melons, solanaceous fruits and beans.
100-200 units of polymycins to prevent vegetable decay, smashing, etc. caused by melons, tomatoes, powdery mildew, gray mold, and Rhizoctonia.
Agricultural anti-120,100-200PPM to control powdery mildew and tomato powdery mildew of melons.
Shaoguanmycin, control aphids, vegetable Fengning to prevent cabbage soft rot.
Neophytomycin prevents bacterial diseases.
(2) Selecting a specific insect growth regulator with high insecticidal activity and extremely low toxicity to humans and animals.
Inhibition of 5% 2000-2500 times or agricultural dreams of 1000-2500 times control of the young larvae of the night moth, 2-3 years old cabbage caterpillar, flowering period 5% emulsifiable spray, spray 10 times every 10 days to control the cowpea pod.
(3) Select high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue pesticides, and adopt scientific and standardized methods to control pests and diseases. The following pesticides are recommended for the production of pollution-free vegetables:
Recommended pesticides for pest control:
Pieris rapae: Bt emulsion, 48% lesbian emulsifiable concentrate, 2.5% guacamole, 25% eucalyptus emulsifiable concentrate, 37.5% lovage suspension.
Plutella xylostella: 1.8% Jiqi worm emulsifiable concentrate, 5% Ruijinte suspension, 52.25% agricultural land emulsion, 5% card dead emulsifiable concentrate.
Aphids: 10% imipenem, 3% sputum fog, 3 princes, 5.7% Baishu emulsifiable concentrate.
Noctuidae pests: 52.25% agricultural land emulsifiable concentrate, 37.5% lovage suspension, 2.5% Uranus emulsifiable concentrate, etc.
Yellow stripe jumper: 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, 80% dichlorvos emulsifiable concentrate, 90% trichlorfon crystal, 48% lesbian emulsifiable concentrate.
Red-and-white spider: 1.8% Jiji 螨 乳 emulsifiable concentrate, 15% broom emulsifiable concentrate, 15% 哒螨 乳 emulsifiable concentrate.
American scorpion fly: 1.8% Jiqi worm emulsifiable concentrate, 48% lesbian emulsifiable concentrate.
Tobacco budworm: 2.5% kungfu emulsifiable concentrate, 2.5% Uranus emulsifiable concentrate, etc.
Bean pod wild carp: 1.8% worm emulsifiable concentrate, 48% risper emulsifiable concentrate, 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate, 5% taibao emulsifiable concentrate.
The scent of sassafras: 1.8% Jiqi worm emulsifiable concentrate, 48% lesbian emulsifiable concentrate, 15% broom emulsifiable concentrate.
Recommended use of pesticides for disease prevention:
Cabbage downy mildew: 50% lysozyme wettable powder, 70% Paterson rich wettable powder, 58% Radomier wettable powder, 65% metalaxyl WP, 64% anti-virus wet powder, etc.
Black rot: 50% bacteriostatic water-soluble powder, 25.9% phytosanitary agent, 47% garignone wettable powder, 77% can kill wettable powder.
Soft rot: 47% Jiaruinong wet powder, etc.
Melon plague: 47% garnish WP, 25.9% phytosanitary agent, 14% lycopene copper, 77% can kill wettable powder, 70% Paterson WP, 56% back Wet powder, etc.
Melon downy mildew: 58% Raydomil wettable powder, 72.2% Plex water agent, 65% metalaxyl WP, 69% Ankang Zn wettable powder, 70% ethyl phosphorus manganese zinc wet Powder and so on.
Solanum fruit blight: 72.2% Plex water, 25% sycamore water, 77% can kill wettable powder, 70% Paterson rich wet powder, 56% relying on wettable powder.
Tomato virus disease: 5% plant disease water agent, 20% virus A wet powder, virus clear and so on.
Coal mold disease: 25% carbendazim wettable powder, 77% can kill wettable powder, 50%, methyl double copper wettable powder, and the like.
Rust: 15% powder rust spirit wet powder, 50% rust emulsified cream.
Fusarium wilt: 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 50% bacteriostatic water-soluble powder, 20% virus A wettable powder, and the like.
(4) Strictly control the time of application, and it is strictly forbidden to apply pesticides before the receipt of commercial vegetables. The leafy period is 7-12 days before the harvest period and 2-7 days for the solanaceous fruit. The melon vegetables are for 2-3 days.
(5) The following pesticides are strictly prohibited for use in vegetable production.
Isocarbophos, methamidophos, methyl parathion (methyl 1605), methyl isophosphorus, monocrotophos, phosphonamine, diatom phosphorus (Dafeng Lei), omethoate, succulent, furan Dan (Kaibaiwei), Methomyl (Wanling), Aldicarb, dicofol, 3911, Suhua 203, 1059, chlorpyrifos, isopropyl phosphate, trithiophos, zinc phosphide, aluminum phosphide, cyanide Compound, fluoroacetamide, arsenic, insecticide, celidine, celia, ulcer, sodium pentachlorophenol, chloropicrin, dibromochloropropane, dibromoethane, chlordane, dichlorvos Tedan, Peifulang, 18% fly poison powder, mercury preparation, Saidan Yishubao, Tiekeke, Suicuke, Zhizhi Phosphorus, Wanlingling EC, synergistic methamidophos, quetiapine Phosphorus, hypertonic quetia, etc.
Fourth, the use of scientific and rational formula fertilization technical measures
1. Emphasis on the application of organic fertilizer
The concentration of nitrogen in the soil and the type of nitrogen applied directly affect the disease resistance and commerciality of the crop, and the content of nitrate. Therefore, keeping the soil loose and fertile is a key measure to reduce the pests and diseases of crops to obtain high quality and high yield. With the long-term application of inorganic fertilizers in vegetable fields, the soil is seriously deficient in organic phosphorus and potassium, soil nutrients are out of balance, and a large amount of acid roots remain in the soil, causing acidification of the soil, causing the crops to resist stress, increasing pests and diseases, and deteriorating quality. It is necessary to pay attention to the use of organic fertilizer from now on.
The types of fertilizers allowed for pollution-free vegetables are:
(1) Farmhouse fertilizer: refers to a fertilizer containing a large amount of biological substances, animal and plant residues, excreta, biological waste and the like. There are mainly compost, manure, manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, crop oranges, cake fertilizer and so on.
(2) Commodity fertilizer: commercial organic fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, organic compound fertilizer, inorganic (mineral) fertilizer, foliar fertilizer.
(3) Inorganic fertilizer must be applied in combination with organic fertilizer.
(4) Urban garbage must be treated in a harmless manner, and the quality can reach the national standard before it can be used in limited quantities. The amount of viscous soil does not exceed 3,000 kg per mu, and the sandy soil does not exceed 2,000 kg.
2. Scientific and rational application of chemical fertilizer
(1) Unreasonable fertilization is the main factor of nitrate pollution in vegetables. In the production of pollution-free vegetables, in addition to vigorously promoting the application of organic fertilizer, it is necessary to apply chemical fertilizer scientifically and implement fertilization of different crops with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
(2) Master the appropriate fertilization method: deep application of chemical fertilizer can reduce the contact between fertilizer and air, prevent the volatilization of nitrogen, and reduce the oxidation of ammonia ions to nitrate ions to reduce the pollution of vegetables. Shallow root vegetables and non-volatile fertilizers should be applied as appropriate; roots deep and volatile fertilizers should be applied as appropriate. For example, the roots of the developed eggplant, alfalfa, root vegetables, etc., should be applied deeper than 12-15 cm.
(3) Master the appropriate fertilization time (period)
In the early stage of harvesting of commercial vegetables, various fertilizers cannot be applied. Especially leafy vegetables that are eaten directly to prevent contamination by fertilizers and microorganisms. The last top dressing must be carried out 30 days before the harvest.
V. Harvesting treatment technology for pollution-free vegetables
(1) Picking at the right time: Fruits and vegetables should avoid bumps, leafy vegetables should be removed from yellow leaves and old leaves, and soil should be removed.
(2) Timely cleaning: cleaning with non-polluting clean water not only washes away dust and dirt, but also reduces the content of harmful elements. After dipping, the content of fluorine, leafy vegetables is reduced by 53-7%, and root vegetables are reduced by 17-- 37%, fruit and vegetables reduced by 19-25%. After washing, the number of E. coli of raw vegetables such as tomato and cucumber should be less than 30/100g pathogenic bacteria and parasite eggs should not be detected.
(3) Strict packaging: avoid secondary pollution. Fruits and vegetables are packed in plastic wrap, leafy vegetables are packed in plastic wrap, and all plastic containers are used for shipping to prevent the surface quality of vegetables from being affected by bumps.
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