The mechanized technology of wheat production mainly includes mechanization techniques such as tillage, sowing, field management, harvesting, returning straw and other fields.
I. Mechanized tillage technology
After the harvest, the former crops were sun-dried in time, harvested and planted before sowing, and the soil was thoroughly ploughed to meet the requirements for sowing. In places where conditions permit, deep pine can be used instead of ploughing to deepen the depth of 25-30 cm to break the plough bottom layer and enhance the ability of the soil to store water and preserve water.
Second, mechanical sowing technology
According to the requirements of agronomic cultivation in our province, wheat sowing mainly includes three modes of conservation tillage technology, full-film cover soil sowing technology and wide-range precision seeding technology.
1. Conservation Tillage Technology
The appropriate amount of straw is used to cover the surface, and tillage can be reduced to ensure that the seeds germinate, and at the same time, weeds and pests and diseases can be controlled by drugs. The technology can reduce wind erosion and water erosion in the process of farming, reduce operation procedures and production costs, and achieve water-saving, drought-proof and increase production. The contents include straw mulching, no-tillage sowing, pine-turning and chemical weeding. Straw stubble cover technology and no-tillage sowing technique are the core technologies of conservation tillage, and use wheat no-tillage sowing machine or strip tillage tiller and fertilizer spreader to finish the process of ditching, sowing, fertilizing, soil covering and repression at one time. .
2. Mechanized technology of wheat seedling sowing
The technology changed the traditional open field drilling to cover the whole membrane and cover the soil on the membrane surface. The traditional film-mulching hole planting was changed to a one-year continuous planting of the film-covered soil for 2-3 years. The conventional large-scale sowing was used for the precision sowing, and the human and livestock sowing was changed to The seed sowing machine sowing, including the entire ground tile mulching film, membrane surface cover sowing, leaving the film no-tillage more than three kinds of planting cultivation. This technology not only reduces the evaporation of soil moisture, but also utilizes seed holes for current collection, which enables efficient use of precipitation resources, good drought resistance, and high production efficiency. Generally covered with film cover fertilizer fertilizing hole seeding machine to complete the preparation, fertilization, film, cover soil, hole broadcast and many other operations. It is suitable for planting in the dry, semi-arid area of ​​Chuantai, depression, and terraced fields with an annual precipitation of 200-450 cm.
3. Wide-range precision seeding mechanization technology for wheat This technique uses large and medium-sized tractors, supporting a wide-range precision seeder to increase the traditional broadcast amplitude of wheat (1-3 cm) to 6-12 cm, and change the traditional dense broadcast to wide broadcast. The seed-dispersed seed-seeding method enables the distribution of quantitative wheat seeds within a unit area to be more uniform and more robust in individual development, achieving large spikes, multiple grains, and heavy grain weight, realizing the high yield of wheat. The technology has the advantages and features of precision seeding, post-suppression suppression, seedling protection, furrow irrigation, obvious water-saving effects, drought resistance, lodging resistance and other agronomic and agricultural integration. It is suitable for the semi-arid and semi-humid partial (easily) drought areas with an annual rainfall of 300-600 cm, as well as irrigated lands and unprotected lands. The wheat wide precision seeder can complete all processes such as fertilization, sowing, and suppression at one time.
Third, mechanical field management technology
1.Plant protection: spraying with sprayer sprayer, motorized sprayer, electric sprayer, agricultural aviation plant protection, etc., in order to avoid leakage or heavy spray.
2. Irrigation: Irrigation using low-pressure irrigation, drip irrigation, micro-spray irrigation and other water-saving irrigation techniques and equipment.
Fourth, mechanical harvesting, straw returning technology
Mechanical harvesting was used after the wheat matured. According to the actual selection of different types of wheat combine harvesters in various regions, in order to increase the quality of sowing and seedling emergence of the next crop, the wheat combine harvesters must be equipped with a straw crushing and spraying device to ensure that the straw is uniformly distributed on the surface. The harvesting time should be at the end of waxing, and at the same time the cutting height must not exceed 15 cm, and the harvesting loss rate should be less than 2%.
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